American Journal of Botany 88:2168-2179 (2001) Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae)   Ursula Peintner1,4, Neale L. Bougher2, Michael A. Castellano3, Jean-Marc Moncalvo1, Meinhard M. Moser4, James M. Trappe5, and Rytas Vilgalys1    1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;  2 CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box 5 Wembley, Western Australia 6913;  3 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA;  4 Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; 5  Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7501, USA;   Figs. 1-3. Basidiome types occurring in the Cortinarius clade. 1. Agaricoid basidiomes of Cortinarius sp. 2-3. Sequestrate basidiome types. 2. Secotioid basidiome type of Thaxterogaster sp. 3. Gastroid basidome type of Protoglossum sp. (Photo by Neale L. Bougher).

Abstract.-  The aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and evolution of sequestrate fungi (with gastroid or partially exposed basidiomes) in relation to their gilled relatives from the Cortinariaceae (Basidiomycetes). Phylogenetic analyses of 151 ITS sequences from 77 gilled species and 37 sequestrate taxa were performed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Results show that sequestrate basidiome forms occur in all three major ectomycorrhizal lineages of Cortinariaceae: the clades Cortinarius, Hebeloma/Hymenogaster/Naucoria, and Descolea. However, these forms do not appear within the saprobic outgroup Gymnopilus, indicating multiple origins of sequestrate forms from ectomycorrhizal ancestors. Additionally, within the Cortinarius clade sequestrate forms have multiple origins: emergent Cortinarius spp., Thaxterogaster, Quadrispora, Protoglossum and two Hymenogaster spp. (H. remyi, H. sublilacinus) share common ancestors with Cortinarius spp., but these sequestrate genera are not closely related to each other (with exception of Thaxterogaster and Quadrispora). Hymenogaster sensu stricto, Setchelliogaster, and Descomyces were placed in the two other major clades. Thus, sequestrate taxa evolved independently many times within brown-spored Agaricales. Furthermore, emergent, secotioid, and gastroid forms have evolved independently from each other, and so are not necessarily intermediate forms. After their establishment, these apparently morphologically stable taxa show a tendency to radiate. [Cortinarius; Descomyces; Descolea; Hymenogaster; phylogeny; Protoglossum; Thaxterogaster; Quadrispora]   download PDF file

Figure 5:  Phylogenetic relationships (Maximum Likelihood tree) in the Cortinarius clade. Values above branches indicate bootstrap supports calculated via Maximum Parsimony. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values above 50%. Sequestrate taxa are indicated in blue.

Figure 6: Phylogram of the Hebeloma/Hymenogaster/Naucoria clade resulting from ML analysis ( -ln likelihood = 3 262.13834). Sequestrate taxa are indicated in blue. Five well-supported clades can be recognized: Hebeloma; two clades of Naucoria, representing the two subgenera Submelinoideae and Naucoria; and two clades of Hymenogaster: Hymenogaster I including the type species H. bulliardii, and Hymenogaster II. Cortinarius and Gymnopilus were used as outgroup to root the phylogeny. Bootstrap values higher than 60% are shown above or left of branches, an asterisk indicates a bootstrap value of 65%.

Figure 7: Phylogram of the Descolea clade, resulting from ML analysis (-ln likelihood = 3 191.96939). Support for clades is indicated by bootstrap values above branches. Sequestrate taxa are indicated in blue.
 

View the data matrix for the Cortinarius clade in a new window, or download the PAUP file
View the data matrix for the Naucoria-Hebeloma clade in a new window, or download the PAUP file
View the data matrix for the Descolea clade in a new window, or download the PAUP file

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