REFERENCES

1. White, G., M. Murray, and S. E. Jackson, 2004. “Ecosystem Shock:The Devastating Impacts of Invasive Species on the Great Lakes Food Web.” Great Lakes Restoration series, National Wildlife Federation. http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/EcosystemShockFinal.pdf

2. Carlton, J.T., 2003. “Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities.” Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia.

3. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004. “An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century.” Final Report, Pre-Publication Copy, Washington, D.C.

4. Ricciardi, A. and J.B. Rasmussen, 1998. “Predicting the identity and impact of future biological invaders: a priority for aquatic resource management.” Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci 55: 1759-1765.

5. Ricciardi, A. and H.J. MacIsaac, 2000. “Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species.” Trends Ecol. Evol. 15:62-65.

6. Reid, D.F. and M.I. Orlova, 2002. “Geological and evolutionary underpinnings for the success of Ponto-Caspian species invasions in the Baltic Sea and North American Great Lakes.” Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 59:1144-1158.

7. Leach, J.H., E.L. Mills, and M.R. Dochoda, 1999. “Non-indigenous species in the Great Lakes: Ecosystem impacts, binational policies, and management.” Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management: A Binational Perspective. Eds. W.W. Taylor and C. Paola Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI. 185-207.

8. Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, 2000. “Lloyd’s World Fleet Statistics 1999.” Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, London, United Kingdom.

9. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment,1993. “Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States.” OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

10. Carlton, J.T., D.M. Reid, and H.van Leeuwen, 1995. “Shipping Study: The role of shipping in the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic organisms to the coastal waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an analysis of control options.” U.S. Department of Commerce. National Technical Information Service. Williams College, Mystic Seaport. Mystic, CT. Report No. CG-D-11-95.

11. Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS). “Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships’ Ballast Water.” 4, 1996. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309055377/html/index.html.

12. Simberloff, D., and B. Von Holle, 1999. “Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown?” Biol. Invas. 1:21-32.

13. Ricciardi, A. 2001. “Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: Is an ‘invasional meltdown’ occurring in the Great Lakes?” Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 58:2513-2525.

14. Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison, 2000. “Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States.” 50(1) Bioscience 53-65.

15. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2001. “The state of food and agriculture 2001.” Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9800e/x9800e14.htm.

16. E.H. Buck, “Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species.” CRS Report for Congress, CRS-1 (2004). CRS-1. http://www.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/04Apr/RL32344.pdf

17. U.S. General Accounting Office, “Invasive Species: Obstacles Hinder Federal Rapid Response to Growing Threat.” Report GAO-01-724, Washington, D.C. (2001).

18. 16 U.S.C. § 4701(a)(4))

19. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. “Sea Lampreys: A Great Lakes Invader.” http://www.glfc.org/lampcon.asp

20. Griffiths, R.W., D.W. Schloesser, J.H. Leach, and W.P Kovalak, 1991. “Distribution and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes Region.” Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 48: 1381-1388.

21. Haag, W.R., D.J. Berg, D.W. Garton, and J.L Farris, 1993. “Reduced survival and fitness in native bivalves in response to the fouling by introduced zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in western Lake Erie.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 13-19.

22. USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center. http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/invasive_species/round_goby.html

23. Northeast Midwest Institute. “Large-scale Ecosystem Restoration Initiatives: Protecting and Restoring the Great Lakes.” http://www.nemw.org/GLrestoration.htm.

24. MacIsaac, H.J, I.A. Grigorovich, and A. Ricciardi, 2001. “Reassessment of Species Invasions Concepts: The Great Lakes Basin as a Model.” Biological Invasions, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 3(4): 405-416.

25. Kolar, C.S. and D.M. Lodge, 2002. “Ecological Predictions and Risk-Assessment for Alien Fishes in North America.” Science, 298: 1233-1236.

Figures from:

Mills, E.L, J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor, 1994. “Exotic Species and the Integrity of the Great Lakes: Lessons from the past.” Bioscience 44(10):666-676.

Background Photo Credit: Garrett LeSage