References



Home

Overview of Invasives


Case studies in US forest ecosystems

   Insects
        BWA
        Gypsy moth

   Plants
        Tree of heaven
        Kudzu

   Pathogens
        Chestnut blight
        Dutch elm disease

Long-term effects on forests

Conclusions

References

Useful links

1.  United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library.  Invasivespecies.gov.  Last modified April 17, 2002.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.invasivespecies.gov/index.shtml

2.  National Invasive Species Council.  National Management Plan: Meeting the Invasive Species Challenge.  Introduction.  January 18, 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.invasivespecies.gov/council/intro.shtml

3.  American Lands. Invasive Species.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/invasive.htm

4.  United States Department of Agriculture APHIS Fact Sheet.  “Invasive Species.”  October 1999.

5.  Pimentel, David, et al.  Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.  June 12, 1999.  “Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-Indigenous Species in the United States.”  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Jan99/species_costs.html

6.  Earth Crash Earth Spirit.  Invasive Species: General Overview.  May 21, 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://eces.org/ec/bioinvasion/general.shtml#052101

7.  Hunter, Malcolm L. Jr.  1996.  Chapter 10, “Exotic Species.”  In: Fundamentals of Conservation Biology.  Blackwell Science, Inc./Rand McNally.  Taunton, MA.

8.  Ricciardi, Anthony.  Lessons From An Ecological Crisis: The Brown Spruce Longhorned Beetle (BSLB) Debate.  Biotype (online), February/March 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://biotype.biology.dal.ca/biotype/2001/feb01/tr.bslb.html

9.  North Carolina State University Agricultural Extension Service.  Publication AG-573. “Scouting Fraser Fir Christmas Trees.” October 1998.  Accessed April 2002.  http://ipm.ncsu.edu/Scouting_Fraser_Fir/coverpage.html

10.  USDA Forest Service, Southern Region.  Stressors of Spruce-Fir Forests: Balsam Woolly Adelgid.  In: The Health of Southern Forests.  September 1995.  Accessed April 2002.  http://fhpr8.srs.fs.fed.us/hosf/bwa.htm

11.  Oregon Department of Forestry.  Forest Health Note: Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae).  July 2000.  Accessed April 2002.     http://www.odf.state.or.us/forasst/library/Pub/FH/FHN/bwa.pdf

12.  American Lands. Forest Pests.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.americanlands.org/forest_pests.htm

13.  Oregon Dept. of Agriculture.  Gypsy Moth: A Major Pest of Trees.  Last modified October 28,1999.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.oda.state.or.us/Plant/ppd/gm_web/Gypsy_Moth.html

14.  USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory.  Gypsy Moth in North America.  Last modified 9/15/98.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/morgantown/4557/gmoth/home.html

15.  Canadian Forest Service.  Forest Pest Leaflet #75: Gypsy Moth.  1999.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/biodiversity/gmoth/

16.  United States Department of Agriculture Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet #162.  “Gypsy Moth.”  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm

17.  Southeast Exotic Plant Pest Council.  “Tree-of-Heaven.”  Last modified March 14, 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.se-eppc.org/doc.cfm?id=462

18.  Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.  Tree-of-Heaven—Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia Fact Sheet. 

19.  United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.  December 1990.  Silvics Manual of North America, Volume 2.  “Ailanthus.”  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ailanthus/altissima.htm

20.  The Nature Conservancy.  Element Stewardship Abstract for Ailanthus altissimaNovember 30, 1988.  Accessed April 2002.  http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/ailaalt.html

21.  University of Alabama Center for Public Television & Radio.  “The Amazing Story of Kudzu.”  Last revised October 11, 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.alabamatv.org/kudzu/

22.  Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.  Kudzu—Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia Fact Sheet. 

23.  Southeast Exotic Plant Pest Council.  “Kudzu.”  Last modified March 14, 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.se-eppc.org/doc.cfm?id=510

24.  Oregon Department of Agriculture.  “Serious noxious weed found in Oregon for first time.”  August 3, 2000.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.oda.state.or.us/Information/news/Kudzu.html

25.  Discover Life.  “The Chestnut Blight.” Accessed April 2002.  http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/ps/Fungi/Hypoviridae/00/Cryphonectria/parasitica/

26.  American Chestnut Cooperators’ Foundation.  “Blight Fungus.”  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/blight.html

27.  Wong, George.  University of Hawaii, Botany 135, Lecture 6: “The Origin of Plant Pathology and The Potato Famine, and Other Stories of Plant Diseases.”  Fall 2001.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/LECT06.HTM

28.  APSnet.  “Revitalization of the Majestic Chestnut: Chestnut Blight Disease.”  December 2000.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/chestnut/top.html

29.  Williams, James D. and Gary K. Meffe.  “American Chestnut Blight.”  In: USGS Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources.  Accessed April 2002.  http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/ns113.htm

30.  The American Chestnut Foundation.  “The American Chestnut Story: those who knew the tree will never forget it.”  2000.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.acf.org/Chestnut_history.htm

31.  North Dakota State University Extension Service.  PP-324 (revised): Dutch Elm Disease.  July 1996.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/trees/pp324w.htm

32.  Kansas State University Extension Plant Pathology.  Fact Sheet “Dutch Elm Disease.”  Last modified April 19, 2002.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Trees/Dutch%20Elm%20Disease.asp

33.  Yoon, Carol Kaesuk.  “Alien Invaders Reshape the American Landscape.”  New York Times Learning Network.  February 5, 2002.  Accessed April 2002.  http://www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20020205tuesday.html

34.  U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.  Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States, OTA-F-565.  Washington DC:  US Gov’t Printing Office, September 1993. 

**Some kudzu images were obtained from Jack Anthony’s website “Kudzu—The Vine” http://www.jjanthony.com/kudzu/

 

 

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CONCLUSIONS | REFERENCES | LINKS